Value of Knowledge Produced with Difficulty

Value of Knowledge Produced with Difficulty It is only knowledge produced with difficulty that we truly value. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Introduction Across different knowledge areas, from the natural sciences to the arts, defining knowledge produced with difficulty is difficult.   Truly, interpretations are subject specific. In the sciences, rigorously following the scientific method and developing a sophisticated, valid theory or model requires a high level of reasoning and experimentation, which is arguably always a difficult process. In the arts, it is far more challenging to define knowledge as being produced easily or with difficulty. In this essay, knowledge in the arts is specified to its production. Determining the degree of difficulty involved is subjective, and largely depends on which aspects of knowledge are involved in the production of the visual arts: does the production of the work involve technical skill, procedural, and conceptual knowledge? To what extent are reason, emotion, and sense perception involved? In this essay, I aim to show that knowledge produced with difficulty is valued to a lesser extent in the natural sciences. In the arts, it is both knowledge produced with ease and difficulty which is accepted by consensus and valued. Hence, one cannot state that only knowledge produced with difficulty is valued. To what extent is knowledge produced with difficulty valued in the natural sciences? Knowledge produced with a lack of difficulty is valued in the scientific community. There is no greater supporter of this claim than physicist Richard Feynman, a keen populariser of a simple approach to physics. Feynmans widely used pictorial representation, known as Feynman diagrams, visualise the abstract formula of quantum electrodynamics in a simple, mathematical manner. Feynman first introduced the diagrams as a bookkeeping device for simplifying lengthy calculations (Kaiser 4). Using stick-figure lines, Feynman brought back Newtons fundamental approach to the problem, without the complicated knowledge based on new technological advances. The mathematical nature of Feynmans diagrams approaches the complexity of quantum physics with simple logic. An axiomatic system can be expressed in the simplest of terms, yet remains valid, sophisticated, and with a high level of reasoning. The success of Feynman diagrams lie in their simplicity: they are fundamental to our understanding of th e complexity of the natural world, whilst not being produced with great difficulty. However, is it possible that Feynmans rare genius renders him an exception? Arguably, intuition and a natural ability to see simple patterns in complex problems led him to produce this model. Regardless, the natural sciences are based on mathematics. Successful mathematical knowledge represents a pattern in its simplest form. Scientific models aim to accurately represent the natural world in an understandable manner. Therefore, Feynman diagrams, which are based on mathematical, simplistic knowledge are a valued model. Hence, knowledge produced with simplicity is valued in the sciences as well. Yet, simplicity in the natural sciences may also lead to knowledge which is discarded. An example of this are superseded, simple scientific theories, such as the Fleischmann-Pons experiment in the 1980s, which lead to the apparent discovery of cold fusion. Involving electrolysis, it was a dream discovery: a simple experiment with results that reshape our understanding (Cold Fusion: A Case Study for Scientific Behavior 1). Unlike Feynmans diagrams, the experiment was heavily faulted in almost all stages of the scientific method. Fleischmann-Pons results were unable to be replicated and hence not verified. The scientists were criticised to have a lack of knowledge of physics and refused to collaborate with experts, limiting their access to shared and past knowledge on fusion (Cold Fusion: A Case Study for Scientific Behavior 5). Furthermore, in a rush to publish, they did not conduct simple and obvious experiments which would have provided key evidence to support or undermine their hyp othesis, and there was a lack of repeatability (Cold Fusion: A Case Study for Scientific Behavior 7). Hence, the Fleischmann-Pons experiment was simple, yet invalid, as in their simplicity, the scientists did not rigorously follow the scientific method. But, was the root of their problems solely the simplicity of their experiment? The experiment was influenced by extraneous variables such as flaws in reasoning, peer review, and observation. Faults in the scientific method effect both simple and difficult experiments. Therefore, my claim remains valid: predominantly, knowledge in the natural sciences is valued due to its logical simplicity, leading to applicability, but is usually the result of a detailed, systematic effort that could be seen as difficult. To what extent is knowledge produced with difficulty valued in the arts? Knowledge in the arts is valued regardless and perhaps because of, its lack of difficulty. As Degas said, painting is easy when you dont know how, and arguably, Jackson Pollocks action paintings have a lack of naturalistic, formal qualities, and composition which previously defined painting (Edgar Degas. 1). Pollock defied consensus through his cathartic process in which he lay a canvas on the floor and splattered paint with hardened brushes. Pollock relied on emotion, intuition, and a lack of reason, as he states, when Im painting, Im not aware of what Im doing (Jackson Pollock Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works. 1). Furthermore, Pollock produced procedural, conceptual, theoretical, and cultural knowledge, as he is seen as a key figure of abstract expressionism. However, is this solely due to his artistic skill and knowledge thereof? In the case of Pollock, the role of circumstance could be considered. Peggy Guggenheim, who acted as his patron, contributed heavily to his success (How Peggy Guggenheim Made Jackson Pollock. 1). Furthermore, Pollock successfully read the art scene at that specific time. His understanding of the need to break consensus in the arts post-war demonstrates strong cultural knowledge. Hence, Pollock should not be treated as an exception. Defying consensus by implementing a lack of difficulty praised by old-masters in terms of reason, technical and procedural knowledge, has often characterised greatness in the arts. It is the nature of art to redefine itself. As the viewer, we ache for the new and exciting, whereas the artist yearns to stand out from others. Therefore, this claims supports my thesis. However, a counterclaim to this idea is that there are certain, rigid qualities that define a truly great artwork, being that it is only knowledge produced with great difficulty in the arts that we value. An example of this Thà ©odore Gà ©ricaults 1819 Raft of the Medusa, an impressive oil painting depicting the aftermath of a shipwreck. Gà ©ricaults interviewed survivors, visited morgues [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] and filled his flat with body parts, including a severed head (Peregrine 1), and reconstructed the original raft itself (Puchko 1). The project took a total of eighteen months. Arguably, the famous status of the work is reliant on Gà ©ricaults research, being a combination of sense perception and emotion, as he yearned to paint the dramatic, intense event as the Old Masters might have done, leaving nothing to chance or fantasy (Christiansen 1), indicating the involvement of reason, too. The accuracy of the work required great technical skill and procedural knowledge, as well as a stroke of rare genius. Today, the work is regarded as an icon of Romanticism (Laborie 1) due to Gà ©ricaults undoubtedly difficult process of knowledge production. However, initially, the painting failed to bring him the [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] public success he craved (Christiansen 1). Therefore, can one truly say the work was always valued by consensus? The original Medusa remained a politically sensitive matter, and its image was far too disconcerting and repulsive to popularise Gà ©ricault (Christiansen 1). Therefore, in Gà ©ricaults and the communitys eyes, the work originally failed and was not always valued, despite the difficulty of producing the work. It is reductionist to state that it is only knowledge produced with difficulty that is valued. Hence, this counterclaim does not undermine my thesis. Conclusion Overall, it is not only knowledge produced with difficulty that is valued. In the arts, both works produced with ease and difficulty are valid, whereas in the sciences, it is often the simplest theories are often valued the most. Logical induction and valid reasoning is central to knowledge in the natural sciences. Commonly, the simplest theories and experiments can provide this, as they stress fundamental, valid principles and facts which cannot be disproven, such as mathematical knowledge. Even experiments undermining my thesis, such as Fleischmann-Pons, contribute to science through their simplicity. According to Karl Poppers theorem of falsifiability, disproving a hypothesis is central to the natural sciences. Valuable lessons can be learnt from Fleischmann-Pons, such as the importance of the scientific method. Hence, regardless of its validity, knowledge produced with simplicity is valued in the sciences. Contrarily, in the arts, the production of knowledge is difficult to pinpo int as difficult or simple. Arguably, one could state than any creation of an artwork involves a difficult technique, high reasoning, or specialist sense perception in their eyes. Subsequently, it is both knowledge produced with ease and difficulty that is valued in the arts. However, does this make all art a masterpiece? If I say the creation of an artwork was difficult for me, does this make me an old-master, and put me on the same level as Gà ©ricault? The implications of my thesis in terms of the natural sciences is that if knowledge produced with difficulty is valued to a lesser extent, does this diminish knowledge produced with difficulty? Arguably, invalid knowledge produced with difficulty is valued: we learn from mistakes in their extensive, rigorous reasoning or methodology and produce valid knowledge from these improvements. Therefore, even invalid knowledge produced with difficulty should not be entirely discarded. In the arts, stating that both knowledge produced with or without difficulty is valued leaves us with a very broad and inclusive definition of what makes art great. This minimises the role of gatekeepers of knowledge, and leads us to question consensus in the arts. Yet, if ways of knowing- in Pollocks case intuition, in Gà ©ricaults sense perception- determine the value of art, this implies that art is a way of thinking rather than a form of expression. Furthermore, if, as in Pollocks case, art is valued due to it breaking previous consensus, this severely undermines the role of consensus. This leads me to wonder if we should question the value of art at all, and if we should instead simply create art for arts sake. Word Count: 1599 Works Cited Edgar Degas. BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2016. 17 December 2016. How Peggy Guggenheim Made Jackson Pollock. Phaidon. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2016. Jackson Pollock Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works. The Art Story. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2016. Christiansen, Rupert. The Victorian Visitors: Culture Shock in Nineteenth-Century Britain. New York Times Books, 2000. Web. 17 Dec. 2016. Cold Fusion: A Case Study for Scientific Behavior. N.p.: The University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, and the Regents of the University of California, 2012. PDF. Kaiser, David. Drawing Theories Apart: The Dispersion of Feynman Diagrams in Postwar Physics. N.p.: U of Chicago, 2005. Google Books. Web. 16 Dec. 2016. Laborie, Sà ©verine. The Raft of the Medusa. The Raft of the Medusa | Louvre Museum | Paris. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2016. Peregrine, Anthony. Raft of the Medusa: A Grisly Tale of Incompetence and Cannibalism. The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 12 July 2016. Web. 17 Dec. 2016.

Draft a Definition: Family Essay

Our ever-changing environment has impacted everything that it has even resulted to people having their own definition of words such as the word â€Å"family†. People now make their own definition of the said word based on their own personal and domestic experiences and circumstances. Gone are the old days of having one specific formal definition for the word â€Å"family† where it was also universally applied. The word family before was simply defined as a social unit â€Å"consists of a male wage earner, a non-working wife, and kids† (Lewin). It was considered as the simplest form of social organization where each member occupies a position, like being a father or mother to one’s children, husband or wife, the eldest or the youngest child. However, today there is more to the said definition. A family is defined as not only inclusive of the presence of a father or a mother with children but could also be any two or more persons living together regardless of sex orientation and preference but have commitment with each other, share the same values, and pursue the same goals. This definition may not have a legal standing in our society but various social groups asserted for its acceptance. These social groups would like to liberate the definition of the word family to pave the way for society’s acceptance as well as legal recognition especially for those who are involved in homosexual partnership where a relationship anchored on a long and deep commitment between partners was already established yet are not legally recognized. I still recognize family as a social unit but I hold a deeper meaning for it. For me a family is one that molds the character and personality of its member and in his contribution to the society. It is the building block of any society. The strength and durability of any society stems from the cohesiveness of this social unit called a family. As such I viewed family as the main link between the individual and the society. This is where the person or the child first gains experiences in love, affection, kindness, sympathy, and the like. The child gets oriented into the culture of the group, its norms, goals and types of consensus and sanctions. Indeed, the family is that social unit which has a pervasive influence on the individual’s behavior, even up to adulthood. It acts as the social laboratory which prepares the child for life in the bigger society, and that it is the family which is the first, the closest, and the most influential social group in the child’s life. Also, a family being a social system makes each member, from the youngest to the oldest, regardless of other personal circumstances essential to the working of the said system. Further, a family is one that provides a child with a fertile ground to build a solid foundation of who he will become in the future. It prepares the child to the outside world and also to the next life cycle. A family is something that is always there for its member no matter what and no matter when. Indeed, a healthy family may not necessarily have a father or a mother or both but it can bring people out of themselves as they recognize others. They heal, bind, and foster intimacy. They bring the sense of belonging, of feeling worthwhile, and develop a sense of individuality. Members of the family realize their unique dignity. These virtues are often overlooked in families, or are considered secondary or only expressed to friends, when they truly are the foundation of a healthy, functioning family. Reference List Lewin, Tamara. Suit Over Death Benefits Asks, What is a Family? Retrieved March 10, 2007 from http://www. cs. cmu. edu/afs/cs. cmu. edu/user/scotts/domestic-partners/family. html.

Ethics And Moral Reasoning - 1496 Words

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Orientation For Shakespeare s Play, Romeo And Juliet

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