Keystone kl pipeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Keystone kl pipeline - Essay Example s and floods have effects on American labor and jobs, if we throw the spigot open to Canada’s tar sands, it will be considered the world’s dirtiest oil (Smith 01). Building this pipeline and opening Tar Sands will impact local and national economies negatively. When the recoverable tar sands oil burns, it will increase temperature on the earth approximately by a minimum of 2 degrees Celsius which the NYU environmental law center estimates could cut permanently the US GDP by 2.5 % (Smith 02). As it’s seen, this will affect the US counties causing an estimated expensive damage. At the same time, local and state economies are buckling already under effects of our dependence on fossil fuel as a nation (Smith 02) Despite generating much profits of approximately $546 billion between 2005 and 2010, oil companies such as shell, chevron and ExxonMobil reduced their workforce by 4,400 employees. The same year, $220 million paid the executives themselves (Smith 02). From that, we can say it’s time invest the billions going to oil companies in creating employment and protecting the planet at the same time. Approving the Keystone pipeline will lock the nation into a trajectory of job loss that are guaranteed and hence threatens the economy and political state of the US. Why should the job-killing path be taken when the energy path that’s alternative like the solar industry is already out-performing some other sectors of the economy (Smith 02). Accidental contact with transmitting pipeline will create a dangerous situation that may be extreme to result in serious consequences to the contractors, general public and the customers. Some of these consequences may include fire explosion, injury or property damage, disruption of services that are essential, responsibility for cost of repair and personal liability all damages (Smith 03). According to the chief economics of Moody’s analytics, a havoc caused by the Super storm sandy on the job market was estimated to

Special Education Comprehensive Essay Exam Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Special Education Comprehensive Exam - Essay Example Within the context of the stated, one of the primary challenges to inclusion is scepticism and the attitude of general education teachers. The said challenges are amply evidenced in the case study, whereby two of John's teachers are, to some degree, do not understand why John should be included in their classes, of what possible benefit his inclusion could be and how to assess his learning or progress. Needless to say, John's cognitive, if not motor, impairment has the potential to contribute to the said scepticism. At the same time, John's willingness to participate and the obvious enthusiasm he expressed during history classes underscore the degree to which inclusion in GE classes has the potential to constructively contribute to John's academic development. This potential can only be realized, however, if inclusive values are promoted and John's teachers organize and deliver instructions. As indicated in the case study, two of John's teachers are somewhat opposed to inclusion, these being Mr. Johnson and Mr. Hardy; two are ambivalent, these being Mrs. Smith and Ms. Fuquay, in that while they are not opposed to John's inclusion, do not appear willing to really go out of their way to accommodate him. In fact, apart from Mr. Eagerhart who is working with a special educator and teaching to a primarily special needs group, only Ms. Chang is enthusiastic. The implication here is that across John's classes, there are varying attitudes towards his inclusion, thereby underscoring the imperatives of promoting inclusive values. The promotion of inclusive values, as will be illustrated through reference to the relevant literature, is predicated on the school's embracing inclusivity. A positive and supportive school philosophy towards inclusion and students with disabilities is crucial for a successful inclusion program (Baird, 1990; Emerson & Maddox, 1997; Salisbury et al., 1993; Simpson, Myles & Simpson, 1997; Stainback et al., 1992; Webber, 1997). Thus, a positive classroom climate should be established. A positive classroom climate is one that is accepting of individual differences and promotes the idea that all students, including students with disabilities, should have the same access to knowledge, growth, achievement, success and belonging (Webber). When teachers and faculty communicate about a student with a disability, he or she should be referred to by name, grade level or subject area without mention of a disability label (Montie et al., 1992). According to Simpson et al. (1997), inclusion programs can be successful only to the extent that they foster an educational environment in which students with disabilities are socially integrated and experience acceptance. However, they

Knowledge Management Processes

Knowledge Management Processes Introduction The Introduction section is reserved for the client to use to describe the background and purpose for this process. Overview A Process is a set of linked activities that transform specified inputs into specified outputs, aimed at accomplishing an agreed-upon goal in a measurable manner. The process definition laid out in this document further breaks down these Activities into Tasks, each of which have a complete set of attributes defined such as workflow, data and tool specifications and the role(s) responsible for executing the tasks. The document also includes process goal and objectives, metrics, role definitions, policies and other process related attributes. A Visio file can be found in the Appendix of this document and in the eProcess tool under Attachments Links. It contains Cross-Functional Flow Diagrams (CFFDs) for each of the activities of the process. Process Description This process strawmodel is compliant with the concepts depicted in the ITIL ® V3 framework. The Knowledge Management process provides the ability to deliver quality by providing the ability to store/capture, share, and re-use data and information; consistently and accurately. It provides a means of storing head knowledge for everyone to use. However, while Knowledge Management provides the information and data that drives the management of knowledge, details related to asset and configuration management are excluded from this process. Goal The process goal describes a specific purpose or achievement toward which the efforts of the process are directed. Each ITSM process has a specific focus and when combined with the other ITSM processes, forms a comprehensive framework for delivering and managing services. * Process Goal The goal of the process is to manage data and information; ensuring that it is available, reliable, and secure. This will aid in improving management decision making. Objectives Process objectives describe material outcomes that are produced or achieved by the process. The following is a list of objectives for this process: Portal To provide a portal or channel for accessing the knowledge repository. Manage Knowledge To manage the knowledge based on information and data. Continuous Improvement To regularly review the goals and objectives of the process; compared to business requirements. Timeliness To provide knowledge (data and information) in a timely fashion, leading to improved efficiency. Accuracy To ensure the accuracy of the knowledge repository. Improved Service Quality To improve the quality of service by enabling service provider efficiency. Increase Satisfaction To increase satisfaction by improving the quality of service provision. Inputs Process inputs are used as triggers to initiate the process. They are also used by the process to produce the desired outputs. Inputs are provided by users, stakeholders or other processes. Inputs are measurable in terms of quantity and quality. Outputs Each process produces tangible outputs. These outputs can take the form of products or data and can be delivered to a user or stakeholder, or, they can be used as inputs to other processes. Outputs are measurable in terms of quantity and quality. Controls Process controls represent the policies and guiding principles on how the process will operate. Controls provide direction over the operation of processes and define constraints or boundaries within which the process must operate. States States are indicators of points of progress of an instance through a process. These are highly dependent on the Service Management tool employed, and as such, are best identified once the process design has been completed and the ITSM supporting tool has been selected. The following states are samples that can be used as a starter set of states for this process: Metrics Metrics are used for the quantitative and periodic assessment of a process. They should be associated with targets which are set based on specific business objectives. Metrics provide information related to the goals and objectives of a process and are used to take corrective action when desired results are not being achieved and can be used to drive continual improvement of process effectiveness and efficiency. Roles Each process defines at least one role. Each role is assigned to perform specific tasks within the process. The responsibilities of a role are confined to the specific process. They do not imply any functional standing within the hierarchy of an organization. For example, the process manager role does not imply the role is associated with or fulfilled by someone with functional management responsibilities within the organization. Within a specific process, there can be more than one individual associated with a specific role. Additionally, a single individual can assume more than one role within the process although typically not at the same time. Policies Policies outline a set of plans or courses of action that are intended to influence and determine decisions or actions of a process. Policies provide an element of governance over the process that provides alignment to business vision, mission and goals. Governance Process governance defines the authority and oversight that is required to assure that the process is fulfilling its goals and objectives. Governance consists of the set of guidelines and resources that an organization uses to facilitate collaboration, communication and conformance. Process governance covers process ownership and management, process communication, process tool development and feedback (reporting) mechanisms. Governance ensures that everyone is complying with the policies and procedures of the process. Process Responsibilities (RACI): The RACI-method is based on the principle that people act in one of four ways when executing a task. It accounts for the fact that more than one role may be active in performing a specific task while clearly defining specific responsibilities for that role. While many roles may be involved in a task only one is Accountable for the results. The actions are: R Responsible for the action (may do the task) A Accountable for the action (including approval) C Required to be Consulted on the action I Required to be Informed of the action If a task does not have an ‘Accountable role indicated then the ‘Responsible role is assumed to be accountable for the task. General Tool Requirements This section describes the general requirements that the supporting tools must meet in order to fully support the needs of the process. To achieve optimum benefits, a process must be â€Å"imbedded† into the tool. This linkage between process and tool is the most effective way of ensuring process conformance and efficiency. Activities Code Name <

Gattaca The Movie And Discrimination :: essays research papers

In the movie Gattaca the main character Anton was discriminated against because of his gene makeup. Anton never even had a chance in the society in Gattaca because the potential employees of companies were not tested on their skills or knowledge but on their physical and mental possibilities. The same society also used derogatory terms for people like Anton. Just because his parents decided that he would come into the world naturally instead of through gene therapy or alteration. Terms like â€Å"faith birth'; and â€Å"invalid'; were used against Anton. I think gene therapy has it promises, but when used in the fashion as it was used in the Gattaca I think its progress should be carefully monitored. Right now sheep and other animals are being cloned. Soon primates and Humans could be cloned. I think we should further investigate human cloning for research on the parenting process and other physiological experiments that can only be used now on identical twins separated at birth. T hese experiments when used could be used to gain insight on what our genes determine in our personalities. I also think that the achievement of us humans cloning ourselves would be a great achievement for the entire human race such as it was when we landed on the moon in 1969.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the movie Gattaca they barely showed the moral consequences of the actions. Anton’s father showed more pride in his brother than Anton, but what about Anton making friends, was he doomed to be a social outcast in friendships also? The second rate swimmer so depressed by being second in a race almost committed suicide, what about him? The movie never revealed how poor nations around the world dealt with eventually becoming a nation of an inferior human race. The movie pretty much shows how Hitler’s plan of creating a perfect human race would be like.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie does show some positives though. A longer lifetime full of health was promised to all planned pregnancies.

Operations Management London Zoo and Nottimham Castle Case Study

In today’s information age, it is important for businesses to take advantage of the available avenues to reach out to customers and potential customers. Tourist attractions such as London Zoo, and Nottingham Castle, are no exceptions of being in the age of constant information flows. These places want to attract visitors with their facility layouts and overall experiences, and to improve upon what they already have, they would need to optimize their products through well planned operations management. When one thinks of a zoo and a historic museum, it is very natural to think of both places as tourist attractions, but what they offer the visitors could be very different. The London Zoo offers patrons the experience of interacting with animals that we would otherwise have very little chances of seeing, while the Nottingham Castle brings the visitors back in time and allows them to feel and see the history. The zoo needs to attract people with their animal collections, while the Nottingham Castle needs to intrigue visitors with their well laid out tours, guides, and interesting historic facts. The purpose of this report is to describe how each of these places, the London Zoo and the Nottingham Castle, are run in terms of operations management, then to identify possible flaws and ways to improve upon their current operational methodology. Though these two places are both tourist attractions, but their appeals are unique to their own. The zoo offers exciting and dynamic interactions with live animals, so it needs to capitalize on the animals it has or through possible new animal acquisitions. The Nottingham Castle on the other hand should cater to what the visitors would be most interested in knowing about the place. To wrap up this report, a comparison between the two locations will be done. Nottingham Castle can trace its history back to 1067; the wooden castle was built by the Conqueror. In 1878, Prince of Wales opened it as a municipal museum and art gallery and it has since become one of the popular scenic spots in Nottingham city. According to Nottingham City Council website, Nottingham Castle is open Tuesday to Sunday from 10am to 4pm. From March to September it opens until 5 in the evening. Although the Castle only provides parking for disabilities, public parking and railway station are all within 10 to 15minutes walk. In order to attract more visitors, Nottingham Castle has a Tuesday free entry plan for the local citizens. Other visitors can purchase tickets from 3 to 5. 5Pounds depending on different types of tickets. There is only one entrance into the Castle, therefore after visitors purchase the tickets; they have admission to any of the places inside Nottingham Castle which includes the indoor facilities: museum, art gallery and outdoor facilities: Victorian bandstand, playground. It can be seen that Nottingham Castle has both the educational and entertainment functions which are suitable for family leisure activity. Figure 1: Nottingham Castle process and layout diagram Source: BBC Local Nottingham Website Nottingham Castle is surrounded by walls, when visitors go into the castle gatehouse they will see a beautiful garden and the castle atop the hill. As can be seen in the Figure 1, Nottingham Castle has tried to arrange a route for visitors. Visitors usually are attracted by the Robin Hood statue just outside the castle before heading to the castle gatehouse to purchase the tickets. Once inside the Castle, visitors can access any facility to their likings and do not necessarily have to follow the route which is suggested by Nottingham Castle. According to BBC Nottingham local website, the route suggested by Nottingham Castle shown as below: Robin Hood Statue > Castle Gatehouse > Victorian Bandstand > Eastern Terrace > Guard Room > Dungeon 01 > Dungeon 02 > Long Gallery > Castle Roof > Soldiers Tunnel > Mortimer’s Hole > Cannon Position > Miller’s Cottage In this case, Nottingham Castle could be classified as process layout. This is because when visitors flow through the operation, they choose a route from facility to facility according to their needs. (Slack et al. , 2004) Nottingham Castle is considered a small Castle. The museum and gallery are all located inside the Castle. The space of the exhibition compare to many other museums is on the smaller side. The Castle Cafe and shop are not very busy during the day. Visitors normally spend one to two hours to see all the facilities. Therefore, the volume of its output is low. Moreover, when visitors go to the gatehouse, the staffs are not only selling tickets but also in charge of the gift shop. Slack et al. (2004) state that when the volume is lower, â€Å"the number of staff will be lower and therefore individual staffs are likely to perform a wider range of tasks† (p. 0) this situation can be observed at Nottingham Castle. It might cause visitors to wait in the long queue, because of the customers who want to buy gift and tickets have to wait at the same counter. Once the visitors are in the Castle, they can access many attractions. For adults, they can enjoy the art and historical display; children can experience the outdoor playground and some indoor displays which are design for kids on ground floor. Furthermore, Nottingham Castle hold different events and tours throughout the year. (Table 1) These information shows that Nottingham Castle provides high variety of services. However, when there is no special event, the outdoor facilities tend to be idle. The function of playground and bandstand will be low. Table 1: Nottingham Castle events and tours Events| Time| Outdoor theatre| June, July and August| Robin Hood Pageant| October| Christmas events including visiting Santa| Christmas| Fireworks| | Historical en-enactments| | Indoor and outdoor activities for families| All year long| Festivals and fairs| | Cave tours| Tuesday – Sunday| Private hire| | During the weekends, holidays and school vacations, the number of visitors will increase. In addition, the castle is closed on Mondays; the number of visitors can fluctuate greatly depending on the time of the year. Along with big crowds,variation of demands can arise. It is then crucial for the Nottingham Castle staffs to assist the patrons when necessary. Visitors do not need to spend for a long time to find staffs for assistant. The transforming resources such as: Castle, Museum and gallery are highly visible to the visitors. The second case in this essay is London Zoo. Since it opened in 1828, London Zoo has been one of the most favorite attractions in England. (Watt and Stuart, 1995, p. ) Similar to Nottingham Castle, London Zoo adopt process layout as their operation layout type. Visitors do not have many limitations after they get into the zoo. Once inside the Zoo, not only staff and facilities are transforming resources but so are animals. Therefore, the collection of animals and their well-being is very important for the zoo. The average number of visitors during holidays, weekends and special events tend to be high. The number of visitors can peak at 18,000 people per day compare to 4000 to 6000 people on average. (Watt and Stuart, 1995) Base on these figures, the volume of London Zoo’s output is high. Moreover,London Zoo offers high-variety service. They have grown their animal collections and developed children’s zoo, education centre †¦etc. Additionally, questionnaires are sent out to customers to help them improve their daily operation. Although the volume of London Zoo is high, the Variation of demand is quite high as well. According to Watt and Stuart (1995), daily number of visitors fluctuated dramatically. The lowest and highest visitor numbers are 48 and 18. 000 people. London Zoo is predicted as a high visibility leisure facility. Most of the transforming resources are visible to the visitors. During peak periods, the zoo will hire more temporary stuff to help permanent stuff and thus provides customers a better experience. After carefully examining each facility's operations management, we can then compare and contrast them side by side. As discussed,the Nottingham Castle and the London Zoo have the same type of operation layout which is process layout. One disadvantage of process layout is customer queuing. (Slack et al. , 2004, p. 217) This issue is present in both of the two cases, especially during peak periods. London Zoo has queue everywhere, even the food in the shop is not up to the demand. Watt and Stuart, 1995) The other problem which appeared in author’s own experience was the clarity of flow in Nottingham Castle was low. Although visitors are free to choose their own route, the signposts in Nottingham Castle appear to be not clear. The unclear signposts sometimes confuse visitors; causing visitors to be unsure whether they have been to the all the facil ities on each floor. This problem match another possible disadvantage of process layout which is complex flow could be difficult to control. These two disadvantages both affect visitor’s experiences adversely. As we know customers’ satisfaction is crucial to any business sustainability and credibility. Therefore, improvement should be taken to upgrade their service quality. Refer to the difference between the four Vs in each facility. (Figure 2) Due to the size of the facility, London Zoo tends to have higher volume and variety to their outputs. Furthermore, London Zoo shows higher degree of visibility than Nottingham Castle. This is not only about contacts with the staff, but also higher visibility of the transforming resources to visitors. For instance, sometimes, visitors could have the chance to see workers feeding the animals. Hence,there is more interaction between transformed and transforming resources in London Zoo. Figure 2: Nottingham Castle and London Zoo Four Vs One common issue between both facilities is high variation in demand. This could lead to unstable financial statements and high unit costs. (Slack et al. , 2004) For leisure facilities, not surprisingly, the number of visitors varies from period to period. For example, during the summer vacation or school holidays, more families are willing to visit leisure facilities. The number of visitors will also get a boost when there are special events. This kind of unpredictable situation has a great impact on both places, especially the London Zoo. â€Å"On the Easter and August Bank holidays we can easily reach 10,000 people. † (Watt and Stuart, 1995, p. 8) Having a huge number of visitors in a day might be a good thing on short term profits. However, fluctuation of visitors can be a challenging obstacle to formulate a long term plan for due to the uncertain demands between peak and down times without sacrificing the quality of product. The shortage of stuff and products can lower the service quality which directly affects its reputation. As London Zoo’s director Jo Gipps said: (Watt and Stuart, 1995, p. 12) â€Å"They (visitors) will spread their dissatisfaction or disappointment by ‘word-of-mouth’. The consequence will be that visitors will not return, and new visitors will not be attracted† Since London Zoo is a bigger facility than Nottingham Castle, the temporary shortage on staff and products in busy months should have more impacts on its overall customers’ experiences. Thus, having a plan to cope with the short term increasing demands is even more vital for the Zoo to include in its operations management. This essay described Nottingham Castle and London Zoo in terms of operations management. After identifying each of facilities’ characteristic, it can be found that the basic layout adopted by both is process layout. Since visitors are free to move inside the zoo and the castle, the layouts of facilities need to maximize the traffic flow and put down well indicated signs for the visitors. The appropriate management of the traffic flow and the demands that are associated with a big crowd of people is a major mission for both the Nottingham Castle and the London Zoo. To some extent, Nottingham Castle and London Zoo have many similarities. Continual developments are the keys to attract more visitors to both places. However, due to the size of the facility and the nature of services provided, London Zoo has a more complex and dynamic operation process. In order to be competitive among today’s competitive leisurely activities choices, The Zoo needs to constantly reinvent itself with new acquisition of animals, interesting promotions to keep its spot light in potential customers’ minds. Therefore, the important resource for the Zoo is new capital which can help it explore new developments. On the other hand, the Nottingham Castle is a historic museum. The beauty of the Castle is its originality. There is simply not enough room nor need for new developments, but what the Castle would need is better representations of the history and stories of the Castle. And these improvements should be implemented on the guided tours, and better trained staff members. This is obviously not a single way to manage both of these multifaceted leisure facilities. Each case is unique of its own and should require careful considerations before implementing changes that suite its best interest.

Health Care Workers Needlestick Injuries Health And Social Care Essay

A needlestick hurt is a transdermal piercing lesion typically set by a hollow-borne acerate leaf or crisp instrument, including, but non limited to, acerate leafs, lancets, scalpels, and contaminated broken glass. This type of hurt can happen at the clip people use, disassemble, or dispose of acerate leafs. In the health care work topographic point, needlestick hurt has become a major concern to wellness attention workers in the decennaries. The Centers for Disease Control estimates that, in the United States, about 600,000 to one million needlestick hurts occur each twelvemonth. Unfortunately, about half of these needlestick hurts go unreported ( CDC, 2007 ) . In Canada, hurts from needlesticks and other sharps remain a major concern in the healthcare field with the figure around 70,000 per twelvemonth, or norm of 192 per twenty-four hours. [ 2 ] Health attention worker exposures to bloodborne pathogens as a consequence of hurts caused by acerate leafs and other crisp devices are a important societal concern these yearss. The bloodborne pathogens related to needlestick hurt are more than 30 species including human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) , and hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) and others. Needlestick hurts expose workers to bloodborne pathogens that can do infection such as AIDS, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and so on. The first instance of occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection was reported in 1984 and highlighted the hazard of occupational exposure to HIV and hepatitis. [ 3 ] Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported that over 1400 wellness attention worker infection to Hepatitis B occurred due to needlestick hurts In 1993. [ 4 ] To minimise the hazard of occupational exposure to the bloodborne pathogens through transdermal hurts, the US federal statute law has been acted with the beginning of OSHA Bloodboren Pathogens criterion in 1991 [ 5 ] and culminating in the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act of 2000 [ 6 ] . From the ordinance, the cardinal constituent is the usage of safety-engineered devices, which are medical sharps that have been designed to include safety characteristics or mechanisms, including design characteristics to extinguish the crisp wholly, to extinguish or minimise the hazard of hurt to the user or others. [ 7 ] Pugliese found that about 80 % of sharps hurts are preventable through either a procedural alteration or the debut of a safety device. [ 8 ] During the past decennary, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) of the U.S. Department of Labor has led authorities attempts to diminish the hazard of exposure through needlestick hurts. [ 3 ] The US Occupational Safety and Health Agency monitors the usage of acerate leafs and sharps and mandates the usage and rating of inactive safety systems for sharps without respect to cost. Contrary to the United States, Canada'sA occupational safety and wellness plans are organized and administered at the provincial degree. In Alberta, the authorities had passed ordinances to include demands for the usage of safety-engineered devices to cut down sharps hurts and exposure to blood and organic structure fluids in November 2003 which set criterions for protecting the wellness and safety of workers. ( OHS Code )C. Study Design and MethodsDatabase from infirmaries ( see Appendix A ) comparison before and after the SEN, underreport [ 9 ] and interview with RN E. Study Population – ( Gender and Minority Inclusions ) : 1. Describe the features of the capable population, include the awaited figure of normal voluntaries, age scopes, sex, cultural background, and wellness position. Identify the standards for inclusion or exclusion ( particularly adult females and/or minorities ) . Explain the principle for the usage of particular categories of topics, such as foetuss, pregnant adult females, or others who are likely to be vulnerable, particularly those whose ability to give voluntary informed consent may be questionable.F. Plan of Statistical Analysis1. Analysiss will be performed utilizing Microsoft Access, Excel and State 10 package. 2. Describe plans for enlisting of topics and the consent processs to be followed ; including the fortunes under which consent will be sought and obtained, who will seek it, who will give degree CelsiusG. Ethical IssuesAll research will be conducted following verbal and written consent of the participants. Approval will be obtained by the University of Alberta research moralss board ( REB ) prior to the beginning of the survey.H. Timetable:Completion of proposal for research February 31, 2010 Completion of questionnaire April 31, 2010 Edmonton Part July-August, 2010 Data Import and Analysis Septemper 31, 2010 Writing Up November 31, 2010I. References & A ; Literature CitedAppendix A: Edmonton infirmaries information University of Alberta Hospital 8440 – 112 Street, Edmonton Ph 780-407-8822 Medical Education Office 1F1.08 WMC Ph 407-7455 Royal Alexandra Hospital 10240 – Kingsway Avenue, Edmonton Ph 780-735-4111 Medical Education Office Room 1108H Ph 735-5239 Alberta Hospital Edmonton 17480 Fort Road, Edmonton Ph 780-472-5555 Cross Cancer Institute 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton Ph 780-432-8771 Edmonton General Continuing Care 11111 – Jasper Avenue, Edmonton Ph 780-482-8111 Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital 10230 – 111 Avenue, Edmonton Ph 780-735-7999 Grey Nuns Community Hospital and Health Centre 1100 Youville Drive W, Edmonton Ph 780-735-7000 Medical Education Office Room 1712 Ph 780-735-7434 Misericordia Community Hospital and Health Centre 16940 – 87 Avenue, Edmonton Ph 780-735-5611 Medical Education Office Room 1N98 Ph 780-735-2991 Northeast Community Health Centre 14007 – 50 Street, Edmonton Ph 780-472-5000 Queen Elizabeth II Hospital 10409 – 98 Street, Grande Prairie Ph 780-538-7100 Red Deer Regional Hospital Centre 3942 – 50 A Avenue, Red Deer Ph 403-343-4422 Stollery Children ‘s Hospital Administrative Offices 4H2.36 WMC 8440 – 112 Street, Edmonton Ph 780-407-8655 Sturgeon Community Hospital and Heath Centre 201 Boudreau Road, St Albert Ph 780-418-8200OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SAFETY & A ; WELLNESS ( OHS & A ; W )Report all blood/body fluid and needle stick exposures to: RAH/UAH/SCH/GRH/LCH/FSHC/RHC/WHC/DGH – Alberta Health Services LINK at 780-401-2669. MIS/Caritas – 780-735-2806 GNH/Caritas – 780-735-7310

10 Facts on Exchange Systems and Economics in the USA for a Presentation

10 Facts on Exchange Systems and Economics in the USA for a Presentation In order to fully discuss exchange systems and economics in the United States, it is important to fully understand what each factor represents and how they work together to influence monetary policies in a community. So here are a few definitions to get us started on the right path. Exchange Systems in their simplest form are the different ways in which consumers connect with producers. These different ways may include barter, or the use of money as a purchasing tool to acquire items and in the United States, money serves as that means of exchange. While economics can simply be defined as the social science that describes the factors that determine the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Therefore, this article will be providing some accurate facts on the exchange system and its effect on the economic and monetary policies in the US. Widespread use of the US Dollar: the United States reputation as the most influential nation on earth is also shared by its money as can be seen by the following statistics. The US Dollar is the currency mostly used in international transactions and it also serves as the world’s primary reserve currency. While the one dollar bill is the most circulated bill locally in the US. It makes up 48% of the paper bills printed by the US Bureau of Engraving and Printing. The US chosen exchange rate system is the floating rate exchange system. This means that the amount in which the Dollar trades for when compared to gold is set by market forces to a large extent. The US started using the managed floating exchange rate system in 1973 after the Bretton Woods fixed rate system became untenable and harmful to the US economy. The United States trade partners: an economy is reliant on its imports and exports which in turn becomes a factor that determines the exchange rate of that country. So here are the USs trade statistics: A 2014 survey puts China at the top of the pyramid of countries the United States imports from. The US imports approximately 66 billion worth goods annually from China. While Canada ranks at the top of the export list for the United States exports approximately 46 billion worth goods on a yearly basis to Canadians. The United States most traded commodities: in terms of importation, crude oil takes the lead as the most imported good coming into the US while domestic items are a close second. In 2014, the US spent close to $300billion dollars on importing crude oil and it is important to note that a large percentage of these imports were from Canada. Unsurprisingly, Americas biggest export quantifiable in dollars are also crude oil products which brings in approximately $130billion a year. America is a service based economy: the US tops the world in providing private services across diverse industry nichesfinance, insurance, telecoms etc.extensively. Travel services nets the US approximately $50 billion yearly, royalty and licensing approximately $100billion while patents come after oil products at $100billion. The US debt profile: every nation has its debt due to international economics and the need to raise money for wars, domestic growth etc. and the US is no different. Approximately 45 years ago in 1970, the total US debt both home and abroad including business debt, government debt and consumer debt was approximately $2trillion. Today, the total US debt is just over $20 trillion. In 2011, the US paid $454 billion dollars on interest alone servicing its debts. This was the highest fee paid as of 2014. The United States Economy and the World: the US status as one of the most developed countries in the world means that fluctuation in its economy also affects world economics. In 2001, the United States GDP accounted for 32% of all global economic activity which goes to show its influence. And despite the recession, in 2013, the US GDP still accounted for approximately 22% of all global activities. The Economy and the American household: everyone knows about the American dream of been able to comfortably take care of ones family in order to live happily ever after. But do the statistics back this dream? In 2013, statistics showed that approximately 20% of households with breadwinners under the age of 35 lived in poverty. 40% of Americans live in a home were a member is dependent on one or more government programs for monetary support. The US government runs 83 diverse welfare programs and approximately 33% of the US population participate in at least one of these programs. The Economy and US social security benefits: the number of people on social security benefits also plays its part in affecting the US economy due to their reliance on it. 2015 data shows approximately 58 million Americans dependent on social security and predictive analysis put the 2035 numbers at 91 million citizens. Also, the social security system is expected to face a $130trillion shortfall over the next 3 years. The wealth demographic: the wealth spread among citizens in the US also plays a part in telling the story of the US economy. The 20 wealthiest Americans are credited to have more wealth than the poorest 152 million US citizens. The top 0.1 percent possess wealth which is more than the combined wealth of the bottom 90% of all Americans combined. These are some of the interesting facts on the exchange system and economics in the US which you can put to use in your own essay concerning the economy. The facts places emphasis on the US currency, exchange system, trade partners and economic state of its local people. Make sure to also check our 20 topics on exchange systems and the US economy as well as a standalone guide on the genre of a presentation for this subject. Lastly, these facts are accurate and can be used as references. References: Paul, K. (2003). The Concise Encyclopedia for Economics: Exchange Rates.  econlib.org/library/Enc1/ExchangeRates.html Dixit, Avinash. Hysteresis, Import Penetration, and Exchange-Rate Pass-Through. Quarterly Journal of Economics  104 (1989): 205-28. Wikipedia: Economy of the United States. (2010).  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Economic Indicators Division Journal. (2015). Top US Trade Partners 2015. trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003364.pdf Christopher, C. (2016). United State Government’s Debt 2016.  usgovernmentdebt.us/ Social Security Administration: Fact Sheet. (2014). Fact Sheet.  https://www.ssa.gov/news/press/factsheets/basicfact-alt.pdf Fast Facts and Figures about Social Security 2014. (2015) 32, 34.  https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/chartbooks/fast_facts/2014/fast_facts14.pdf

Lead Reasearch essays

Lead Reasearch essays Electrochemical Equivalent: 3.865g/amp-hr Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers, hydrogen peroxide, acids Valance Electron Potential (-eV): 24.2 Chemical reactions of the element lead The surface of metallic lead is protected by a thin layer of lead oxide, PbO. Only upon heating lead to 600-800C does lead react with oxygen in air to from lead oxide, PbO. Finely divided lead powder is a fire risk. The surface of metallic lead is protected by a thin layer of lead oxide, PbO. It does not react with water under normal conditions. Lead metal reacts vigorously with fluorine, F2, at room temperature and chlorine, Cl2, on warming to form the poisonous dihalides lead(II) fluoride, PbF2, and lead(II) chloride, PbCl2, respectively. The surface of metallic lead is protected by a thin layer of lead oxide, PbO. This renders the lead essentially insoluble in sulphuric acid, and so, in the past, a useful container of this acid. Lead reacts slowly with hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, HNO3. In the latter case, nitrogen oxides are formed together with lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2. Lead dissolves slowly in cold alkalis to form plumbites Boiling Point: 2013K 1740C 3164F Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion: Enthalpy of Atomization: 194.6 kJ/mole @ 25C Enthalpy of Vaporization: 179.4 kJ/mole Flammablity Class: Non-combustible solid (except as dust) Melting Point: 600.6K 327.6C 621.7F Pysical State (at 20C Vapor Pressure = 4.21E-07Pa@327.6C A. Ways in which lead enters the body Lead can be absorbed into the body by inhalation (breathing) and ingestion (eating). Lead is not absorbed through the skin. Inhalation of lead is considered the most important source of occupational exposure. When lead is scattered in the air as a dust or fume, it can be inhaled and absorbed through the lungs and upper respiratory tract. Lead can also enter the digestive system if...

A Comparison Of Liberalism Socialism And Nationalism Politics Essay

A Comparison Of Liberalism Socialism And Nationalism Politics Essay The three most powerful ideologies that emerged in the beginning of the nineteenth century were Liberalism, socialism and nationalism. These ideologies came together to destroy older order that existed in Western Europe. However, there is very little that is actually known about the real origin of these three ideologies. Most of the research only talks about the recognized authorizes that exercises these ideologies but do not talk about the real issue. This essay seeks to compare and contrast these ideologies and trace their origin, development and revolution. Liberalism This was a product of some kind of enlightenment by human thinking. It held that the progress of human beings was inevitable. This is the reason it believed that all human beings should be viewed to be equal before the law and no one was above the law. Moreover, it believed that every person was born free and is good in some aspect let alone owning the chance to improve in skills and general thinking. Liberalization therefore expected that all governments were representative of its citizens and not part of the citizens. According to Hansen, Curt & Curtis (2008) this could only be achieved through the freedoms of speech, press, assembly and protection from arbitrary arrest. The nineteenth century liberalism which is also referred to as classical liberalism was against the involvement of the government in the economic and social affairs of the nation. This is therefore very different from what we currently know liberalism to stand for where active government intervention is highly supported and represented through democratic parties. Classical liberalism was first developed by Adam Smith as expressed in his book â€Å"Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations.† (Hansen, Curtis & Curtis, 2008). He proposed the fact that there was a need for a free enterprise where prices would be regulated by market forces. This he believed would offer a free and equal chance to all citizens to participate in what they do best. In this way both the rich and the poor will benefit rather than a situation where the rich are the only ones who benefit. This was very much different from the earlier situation of mercantilism where the government was very deeply involved in regulation of markets. While the British were experiencing gradual expansion of freedoms and rights of ordinary citizens, the French were denied of such rights until the 1989 when there was the Revolution. Unlike in France, there was no central instrument with which the British used to be oppressed with like the army ready to do what the monarch said. The British liberalization was never aimed at overthrowing the Monarchy. On the contrary it was aimed at reigning its power through the expansion of representation of the people. Because of common political, ethical, cultural and geographical factors liberalization in the United States took so much from the British kind of liberalism than it took from the Frenc h. However, during early stages of Beiner (2003) argues that American Revolution, there was much borrowed from the political thoughts of the British. Subsequent developments then later own changed and took more from the French.

Discussion Questions law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Questions law - Assignment Example Litigation is also cost prohibitive due to the legal fees and case filing fees involved. Due to the unpredictable time frame involved in trying such cases, additional emotional and financial damage is inflicted upon the person who filed the case. That is why ADR has become a logical alternative for some people who do not want to deal with the hassles of litigation. ADR offers an alternative solution to filing a case in a shorter amount of time because the negotiations involve and informal and less adversarial setting than litigation. Both parties can compromise on an issue with the aid of an expert in the decision making process. This is something that judges approve of as sometimes their knowledge of certain business related cases can be limited. Examples of ADR or arbitration that can happen to a person in his personal or professional life include restructuring of debt payments (personal) and an administrative case filed before a person in his place of office that needs to be resol ved by the owners of the company or its in-house legal department. 2. Substansive law is the written law that defines the crimes and punishments in criminal law, or civil rights under civil law. It is a codified legislated statute that is enacted through public initiative. An example of this law would be the law covering the intentional killing of a person. This should not be confused with Procedural law which is the law that enforces the said rights and duties through rules determined in civil or criminal proceedings. A clear example of a procedural law is when a decision is made to arrest a person. The grounds covering his arrest fall under procedural law. These are totally different from criminal law which, simply put, is the system of law that punishes people who commit crimes such as felonies and misdemeanors. Civil law on the other hand, deals with private relations between community members. Civil law looks to gain compensation for damages received

Circuit Protection and Polyphase Motors Assignment

Circuit Protection and Polyphase Motors - Assignment Example These techniques result in a high arc voltage to control over current and voltage during a fault in operation. Types of Air Blast Circuit Breakers: The Air blast circuit breakers can be divided into the following three types: (a). Axial Blast ABCB (b). Axial Blast ABCB with Side Moving Contact (c). Cross Blast ABCB Construction: (a). Axial Blast ABCB The axial blast air ABCB consists of two contacts; one is fixed and the other is movable. The fixed contact has an arcing chamber with a spring loading mechanism, and a nozzle orifice over which the movable contact rests under the normal closed condition. In case a fault arises, a high Figure 1.Axial Blast ABCB (Courtesy:www.electrical4u.com) air pressure in the arcing chamber causes the spring to deform. This produces an effect of lengthening and cooling of the air column in the chamber which pushes out the movable contact. As a result of these changes an arc voltage is produced which is much higher than the system voltage. The disparit y in voltage levels results in the quenching of the arc produced. (b). Axial Blast ABCB with side moving contact: Figure 2. ... As a result, an arc is drawn between the fixed and movable contact, which is passed over to the arcing electrode. This causes the surge to be quenched. (c). Cross Blast ABCB Figure 3. Cross Blast ABCB (Courtesy:www.electrical4u.com) The cross blast ABCB has a fixed blast pipe. The moving contact’s movement is perpendicular to the direction of the air blast from the blast pipe. An exhaust chamber having arc splitters is fitted on the same alignment as the blast pipe. When the movable contact is detached from the fixed contact an arc is established. High pressure air coming from the blast pipe enters the exhaust chamber after passing through the contact breaker, forcefully taking the arc into the exhaust chamber. This results in the quenching of the arc. 1. b. OIL-FILLED CIRCUIT BREAKER Working Principle: The oil-filled circuit breaker is one of the oldest types of circuit breakers. It employs mineral oil as the insulating medium to quench the surging arc. The fixed as well as t he movable contacts are immersed in oil; as a result the arc forms a bubble in the oil. The energy of the arc is utilized to decompose the oil into hydrogen gas. As a result arc quenching is obtained. Types of Oil Circuit Breakers: Oil circuit breakers can be broadly classified into two categories: (a). Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (b). Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (a). Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker Construction: Figure 4. Conceptual view of the Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker. (Courtesy:www.electrical4u.com) The bulk oil circuit breakers employ transformer insulating oil as the insulating and arc quenching medium. The current carrying contacts (fixed and movable) and the earthed parts of the circuit breaker are placed in a large quantity of oil in a closed tank or vessel. The oil

A project study for new entrant restaurant in West London, Northolt Essay

A project study for new entrant restaurant in West London, Northolt - Essay Example In case the findings will be encouraging, a thorough feasibility study should establish further details like the allowable amount of capitalization needed in order to be competitive, why such an amount will be right, how to raise the funds, and who will be the owners by the time the actual business becomes a reality. Thus, the initial scope of this project study will be a top view of the Restaurant Industry in London and West London, Horholt as well as an inside view of the factors affecting the industry as well as other factors that can positively or negatively affect a new entrant in the restaurant business Among others, the location itself ought to be described. And the restaurant which is in between an industrial estate, plans to penetrate the competitive market shortly after it was opened. How to gain a good share of the potential business for restaurants within Northolt will be the other major problem that this research should be able to resolve. In other words, the aim of this project is first of all to clarify whatever opportunities, limitations, and requirements have to be considered by a new industry player in the restaurant industry. Secondly, it aims to find out whether the present restaurant can have the capability to rise up to the minimum requirements in order to compete in promoting the business. II. Structure and Elaboration of the Process In order to determine the potential of a restaurant business in the area and later on recommend a market strategy for the purpose of gaining a good market share, a more vivid description of the critical parts of a restaurant industry would have to be presented. These would include the following: (a) Location - descriptions of the place where the restaurant is people; (2) People – or who should be served by any promotion and set of services plus other benefits; (3) Products – or what will have to be offered to the potential customers; (4) Pricing – comparison of the cost of products and se rvices offered in the restaurant; and (5) Current Promotions – how restaurants in Northolt promote their business in order to build a market share for themselves. It will be assumed that the new restaurant does not yet have such a strategic promotion to likewise reap a good market share. Potential of the Place The location of Northolt is considered â€Å"a pleasant suburb to the West of Greater London, in Middlesex† according to Squidoo (2012). It has parks, transportation facilities linked to the rest of London, Golf and Country Clubs, and a Royal Air Force airport. A traveller will take only 20-30 minutes coming from Central London to reach Northolt. One of the transport facilities is an underground Railway Station that is connected to the underground London Railway Station. The cost of rent or purchase price of a house was recently reported to be very reasonable. There are car repair shops, football fields, playgrounds for children, a park for skating, and a boat la ke. Squidoo calls the place â€Å"cosmopolitan and multicultural†. But it still has woodlands, lakes in parks, wildlife where a moorhen, geese, swans, and ducks. A Coffee Shop beside the lake has become popular. Near the Northolt Railway Station, there are more than 20 hotels. See the complete list in Figure 1 under the Appendix Section. This gives an idea of how many people visit, rent, and live in Northolt. The Ealing

Black Women in Science Fiction Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Black Women in Science Fiction Movie - Essay Example Previously, the depiction of African-American actresses played lesser roles compared to that which she acted, as Uhura. This included roles as housekeepers. She is notably among the first African-American writers to appear on TV show with whites. She played such roles celebrated by all fans and had similar treatment as that of other characters from other races. She also featured in science-fiction series. All the fans of Star Trek enjoyed her role, with celebration and embracement (Kilgore 22). This notably led to the integration of multiculturalism. This is where characters, from diverse races and gender featured in different roles, in science fictions and TV shows. There is a feeling of equality in such a case, and prejudice does not control. In the movie, she had the first on-screen kiss. William Shatner kissed her in Star Trek (1966) depicting a kiss between a black and a white on television in America. She was one of the first black actress to visit the Hollywood’s Chines e theatre. She became the first Black-American receive an award for the Hollywood Walk of fame. This came in 1992. Her appearance in the Star Trek was made with DeForest Kelly. He appeared in other episodes, in other different scenes. She appeared with Leonard Nimoy. This was in the Star Trek (1973). She also featured with Futurama. This was in Star Trek (1999). Apart from acting, she is a singer and a dancer. She returned to singing, in 1992. She produced the song, the Reflections. This was a one-woman musical show. Nichelle has a series of awards. She, in 1980, was nominated for being the best supporting actress. This was the Satiurn Award. In 2007, she had the TV Land Award. She won the award together with William, for sharing the first interracial kiss on TV. In 2006, she was nominated for the TV Land award. She won the ward, once again, with William for the most memorable kiss. In 1992, she won an award the Star on the Walk of Fame. Her role in as an officer in NASA is remarkab le. She worked at NASA during the period from the 1970s and proceeded up to 1987. Her mandate was concerned with recruitment. She recruited hopefuls of astronaut (Shayler and Moule 151). Her remembrance during this post was her recruitment of hopefuls from minority groups, cultures and ethnicities. She recruited remarkable figures. This includes the famous G. Bluford. This was the first African-American to be a male astronaut. She also recruited S. Ride. Other top performers of the time came to be recruited during her time. J. Resnik was one of the people who survived when the launch of the Challenger. This was in 1986, January. She also recruited R. McNair, who was a victim of the catastrophe that occurred during the launch of the challenger. Her role in recruiting minority groups was a successful avenue. Her list of recruits was very diverse and considerate to minority groups and other ethnic groups that experienced alienation earlier before that. This furthered the prosperity of the initiative. According to McBride, the role was plausible. It is noteworthy that, during the production of Star Trek, there was a move by civil rights activists. The move aimed at reversing the situation that brought about segregations and oppressions of the blacks. Martin Luther King was a notable leader in the movement (Finkelman 439). By the time the science fiction appeared on NBC, the movement had been at its peak. Racial violence and the fight against economic oppression were among the top agendas of

Source Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Source Evaluation - Essay Example Darren et al (806-807) observes that â€Å"physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a widening variety of other chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cancer (colon and breast), obesity, hypertension, bone and joint diseases (osteoporosis and osteoarthritis), and depression.† According to his research, all the people that made the tendency to engage in physical activity reduced their chances of getting cardiovascular diseases by 20%. Recently, there have been far greater reductions in the death risks as a result of cardiovascular attacks. In general increase in levels of participation in physical activities reduces the chances of premature deaths other causes kept constant. According to this journal, there are many biological mechanisms have been able function effectively and decrease the number of unending diseases and untimely deaths that have their route causes on physical activity. For example, routine physical activity has been known to enhance body composition. Through physical exercise is able to balance its fat content. Excess fats are usually burnt during physical exercise to release energy. In this exercise the body is able to check against excess accumulation of such fast that could lead to diseases like heart attack and high blood pressure. Among the recommended ways to reduce cholesterol levels in the body, exercise is the only one which is cost free and easily done. These biological mechanisms and others clearly account for the reduced number of chronic illnesses as a result of little or no sports activities. Another significant reason for involvement in sports is that it enables proper psychological well being of an individual. Darren emphasizes that regular physical activity is linked with improved mental well-being i.e. through reduced stress, nervousness and depression.† (806). A person’s psychological well-being is very important because of one main reason; for proper avoidance and

A project study for new entrant restaurant in West London, Northolt Essay

A project study for new entrant restaurant in West London, Northolt - Essay Example In case the findings will be encouraging, a thorough feasibility study should establish further details like the allowable amount of capitalization needed in order to be competitive, why such an amount will be right, how to raise the funds, and who will be the owners by the time the actual business becomes a reality. Thus, the initial scope of this project study will be a top view of the Restaurant Industry in London and West London, Horholt as well as an inside view of the factors affecting the industry as well as other factors that can positively or negatively affect a new entrant in the restaurant business Among others, the location itself ought to be described. And the restaurant which is in between an industrial estate, plans to penetrate the competitive market shortly after it was opened. How to gain a good share of the potential business for restaurants within Northolt will be the other major problem that this research should be able to resolve. In other words, the aim of this project is first of all to clarify whatever opportunities, limitations, and requirements have to be considered by a new industry player in the restaurant industry. Secondly, it aims to find out whether the present restaurant can have the capability to rise up to the minimum requirements in order to compete in promoting the business. II. Structure and Elaboration of the Process In order to determine the potential of a restaurant business in the area and later on recommend a market strategy for the purpose of gaining a good market share, a more vivid description of the critical parts of a restaurant industry would have to be presented. These would include the following: (a) Location - descriptions of the place where the restaurant is people; (2) People – or who should be served by any promotion and set of services plus other benefits; (3) Products – or what will have to be offered to the potential customers; (4) Pricing – comparison of the cost of products and se rvices offered in the restaurant; and (5) Current Promotions – how restaurants in Northolt promote their business in order to build a market share for themselves. It will be assumed that the new restaurant does not yet have such a strategic promotion to likewise reap a good market share. Potential of the Place The location of Northolt is considered â€Å"a pleasant suburb to the West of Greater London, in Middlesex† according to Squidoo (2012). It has parks, transportation facilities linked to the rest of London, Golf and Country Clubs, and a Royal Air Force airport. A traveller will take only 20-30 minutes coming from Central London to reach Northolt. One of the transport facilities is an underground Railway Station that is connected to the underground London Railway Station. The cost of rent or purchase price of a house was recently reported to be very reasonable. There are car repair shops, football fields, playgrounds for children, a park for skating, and a boat la ke. Squidoo calls the place â€Å"cosmopolitan and multicultural†. But it still has woodlands, lakes in parks, wildlife where a moorhen, geese, swans, and ducks. A Coffee Shop beside the lake has become popular. Near the Northolt Railway Station, there are more than 20 hotels. See the complete list in Figure 1 under the Appendix Section. This gives an idea of how many people visit, rent, and live in Northolt. The Ealing

Source Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Source Evaluation - Essay Example Darren et al (806-807) observes that â€Å"physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a widening variety of other chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cancer (colon and breast), obesity, hypertension, bone and joint diseases (osteoporosis and osteoarthritis), and depression.† According to his research, all the people that made the tendency to engage in physical activity reduced their chances of getting cardiovascular diseases by 20%. Recently, there have been far greater reductions in the death risks as a result of cardiovascular attacks. In general increase in levels of participation in physical activities reduces the chances of premature deaths other causes kept constant. According to this journal, there are many biological mechanisms have been able function effectively and decrease the number of unending diseases and untimely deaths that have their route causes on physical activity. For example, routine physical activity has been known to enhance body composition. Through physical exercise is able to balance its fat content. Excess fats are usually burnt during physical exercise to release energy. In this exercise the body is able to check against excess accumulation of such fast that could lead to diseases like heart attack and high blood pressure. Among the recommended ways to reduce cholesterol levels in the body, exercise is the only one which is cost free and easily done. These biological mechanisms and others clearly account for the reduced number of chronic illnesses as a result of little or no sports activities. Another significant reason for involvement in sports is that it enables proper psychological well being of an individual. Darren emphasizes that regular physical activity is linked with improved mental well-being i.e. through reduced stress, nervousness and depression.† (806). A person’s psychological well-being is very important because of one main reason; for proper avoidance and

Reading Kafka Essay Example for Free

Reading Kafka Essay Reading Kafkas The Trial, especially for the first time, we often experience a blend of precision and obscurity; words, sentences, and single events are clear in themselves, but are linked to each other in ways we cannot always grasp. The blend of precision and obscurity is one of the most remarkable aspects of the style in which The Trial is written. The device is used constantly and consistently throughout the novel, and we assume that it is used like all other stylistic devices, i. e. to throw an aspect of the novel into relief. In an attempt to determine, if possible, what this aspect is, follows a detailed analysis of two paragraphs on pages 159 to 160 that I deem to be characteristic of the blend of precision and obscurity. In the two paragraphs, detail and precision interact with each other to produce a blend. Almost all descriptions are quite in depth, such as the description of the old woman wrapped in a warm shawl, yet these detailed descriptions are not connected with anything else in the book. The old woman does not reappear anywhere else in the book, and no symbolism, hidden meaning or reference becomes apparent after having analyzed the description. In more conventional novels, almost every character that appears is in some way, whether clear or obscure, connected with the main plot or a sub plot. Not so with The Trial. The old womans importance and connection, if indeed there is one, remains open to speculation: perhaps she belongs to the court, perhaps the scrap of what looked like carpet that K sees in the same paragraph comes from her warm shawl, perhaps this enigma is simply a device used by Kafka to confuse the reader. The possibilities and perhapses stretch on into infinity until they are lost in the obscurity of the cathedral. Kafka describes an object, person, or concept in great detail, with very few omissions in order to give the described every semblance of reality, but the meaning of the described is left completely open to the reader. This is the particular blend which casts its mottled shadow on the novel. A possible interpretation of this presence of this blend would be to say that it serves to give the novel a dreamlike, surreal quality. One knows from ones own dreams that certain aspects remain crystal clear in our memory, yet one can almost never remember for sure what the aspects role in the dream was. It is the same way with the blend: an aspect may be clear, but the rest is hazy. Supporting this interpretation would be the fact that K cannot read: he opens his album and looks through the pages for a while, probably only looking at the pictures without reading the text, and eventually has to stop this futile exercise ostensibly because it is too dark. The dream interpretation would also explain the randomness of events, objects, and people. Since the subconscious is left to work unrestricted in dreams, the products can be quite random and utterly impossible to link together or make sense of using logical means. The blend could also be viewed as a method to accentuate the confusion and plunge the reader yet deeper into the obscurity. In the second paragraph, when the candles have been lit, Kafka states that the candles only made the darkness more intense. If the candles and light are taken to represent precision and the darkness obscurity, then Kafka is clearly showing why he has worked the blend in to the novel. It is impossible to judge anything unless one compares it to something else. It is by contrast that we determine what is what. If one is constantly in the dark, one will not consider it dark, because one has become accustomed. Perhaps the candles of precision are there to throw the confusion and the haziness into sharp (or hazy? ) relief. Kafka only allows in any light so that the reader can see that he is bathed in darkness and confusion, and be attracted to the light. However, when the reader reaches the light he realizes the light is hollow as well: it is only aesthetically different from the darkness. In the second paragraph Joseph K. examines an altarpiece with his electric light. K. sees a Knight and looks at it for a considerable period analyzing it in detail without really understanding what the Knight is doing, nor why he was there. However, when K. shifts his light to see the rest of the picture, he realizes that the Knight is only a small piece of a conventional treatment of Christs burial. The parallel between K. and the reader is too strong to be overlooked. The reader, while reading the book, is looking through it one page at a time, attempting to analyze details and connect events. It is as if we too are looking at disconnected close-ups of a large picture. Like a picture, the events in the book are non-linear. They can be read any which way and in any order and still retain the same meaning. Kafka is essentially telling us as readers that we ought to shift our lights as K. does so that the whole of the picture is lit. If the reader focuses solely on one precise aspect, the rest of the picture is bathed in obscurity. Kafka, through the device of precision and obscurity, is telling the reader to take a step backwards and view the novel not as a succession of events like other conventional novels, but rather like a picture, where ones eyes and thoughts may rove freely along any lines that they choose. Only then will the whole come into focus. With reference to the last paragraph, I have been guilty of doing exactly what Kafka tells us not to do: i. e. analyzing in detail a small part of the text. Thus any conclusion that I may draw from these paragraphs alone are bound to be erroneous. However, draw a conclusion I will. I believe the blend of obscurity and precision is used to immerse the reader completely into the confusion of the text while at the same time advising the reader to take a step backwards. Given Kafkas rather eccentric sense of humor, I think it is quite possible that he believed pulling the wool over the readers eyes was uproariously funny, especially when the wool has directions telling how to lift the wool sewn on the inside, where it is too dark to see.

Effects Of Kyoto Protocol Economics Essay

Effects Of Kyoto Protocol Economics Essay the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the apex body, under whose supervision Kyoto protocol was developed. It is an agreement between many countries, which signed it and committed for reduction in green house gas. The process started with negotiations between many countries in the early December of 1997 in  Kyoto, Japan and with Russias ratification, it came in to force on the 16th February of 2005. The delay was because of Kyoto required at least 55 parties to ratify it and the total of those counties emissions to be at least 55% of global greenhouse gas emission. Some of the highlights of the Kyoto protocol are: A total of 191 states have signed and ratified  the protocol as on September 2011 The United States of America has signed the protocol but has not ratified it. Developed countries have binding target on emission reduction. Developing countries do not have binding target for emission targets. The protocol allows the member counties of emissions trading to meet their target. Economic Impacts of the  Protocol One of the key issues with the Protocol is its economic impact on member nations. Some critics emphasize that Developed nations are the one who will be affected negatively most. One of the major speculations is that developed nations who have ratified the treaty, will have to invest more in newer technologies and procedures to reduce their emissions. It is also more obvious that developed countries need to incur more cost in enforcing stricter emission norms. There is also possibility of an increase in the consumer price index because the companies will pass one the extra cost incurred in clean mechanism technology to consumer. As the base year for fixing target is 1990, the countries, which have developed most after 1990, will suffer most and the countries that have slump after 1990 are at advantage. This effect can be evident on the fact that US has not ratified the treaty as it has grown considerably after 1990 and if it ratifies the treaty then it has to cut almost 30% emission costing around $100 per ton The European union at large is at advantage because there was slump in western Europe and Russia after 1990. It is evident from the fact that it needs only $5 per ton for emission reduction target to be met. The provisions of emission trading provided the developing countries a way to cash in on their reduced emission credits. Kyoto Protocol in the context of India A Macroeconomic Overview The impact of kyoto protocol may be direct in case of developed countries but has it has indirect impact on developing countries The protocol does not make it binding on the developing countries to reduce their emission and it does not provide any reduction targets for them till. India coming under the scope of developing country has been affected by the indirect impact. The protocol has played a significant role in the reshaping overall Indian economy. The protocol has its effect on many macroeconomic parameters of India. If we take in to account the GDP of India, some of the major factors linked to kyoto protocol that have affected the GDP of India are Investment Impact Trade Impact Flexibility Mechanisms Impact Emissions Trading Joint Implementation Clean Development Mechanism Fig-1 (Factors affecting the GDP of India in the context of Kyoto Protocol) We will be limiting our discussion to the impact of 2 major factors arising out of kyoto protocol that is investment and trade on the Indian GDP. Investment Trade Impact on GDP Fig-2 (Investment Impact and GDP of India) The Investment impact can be summarised by the chart below. Kyoto protocol induces emission restrictions on the developed nations. The manufacturing industry especially the emission insensitive industries in the developed nations are the worst sufferers. Because of this restriction, these industries need to invest more capital in technology and other aspect to reduce the emission. This in turn increases the cost of production, which makes the ROI low. The low ROI (return on investment) in these developed nations makes the investment to shift to developing countries, which affects the GDP to rise. India as an important developing country has benefited from this effect. SL NO YEAR FDI-US$ (MILLION) EXPORTS IN CRORES GDP US$(BILLION) 1 2000-01 2,463 278126 492.4 2 2001-02 4,065 290757 522.8 3 2002-03 2,705 355556 617.6 4 2003-04 2,188 417425 721.6 5 2004-05 3,219 569051 834.2 6 2005-06 5,540 712087 949.1 7 2006-07 12,492 904872 1238.7 8 2007-08 24,575 1018907 1224.1 9 2008-09 31,396 1328765 1361.1 10 2009-10 25,834 1300034 1684.3 11 2010-11 19,427 1747500 1848.0 12 2011-12 26,192 Table: 1- (DIPPS Financial Year-Wise FDI Equity Inflows GDP date from World bank) With a close look at the Table -1 we can see that from the year 2005 onwards there was a sudden increase in the foreign direct investment. In the year 2005, it stood at $3129 million and from the year 2006 onwards, there was high growth in the foreign direct investment on an yoy basis. The FDI reached a peak in the year 2009 at $31396 million. The decrease in the FDI in 2011 was due to other economic factors. One of the major factors affecting the increase in FDI was kyoto protocol. As the FDI started to increase from the year 2005 onwards the GDP of india also saw a tremendous growth, it increased from $834.2 billion in the year 2005 to $1848 billion in the year 2011. Fig-3 (Trade Impact and GDP of India) As can be seen in the Fig-3 the other major impact was the trade impact, when the cost production has increased in developing countries, the import of goods from developing countries becomes less competitive. This in contrast increases the competitiveness of the exporter in the developing countries. When the export form developing countries increase, giving appositive push to the trade it creates a demand surge. Because of this, increases in demand of good, producers of goods increase the production. Moreover, increase in the production of goods increase the GDP. This can be also deduced from the Table-1, where it is evident that from 2005 onwards there was a stiff increase in the Indian export from 712087 crores to 1747500 crores in 2011. As the Export has increased this gave rise to an increase in the demand, which in turn made the supply to increase. With an increase in the supply, the GDP of India has rose from $834.2 billion in 2005 to $ 1848.0 billion in the year 2011. Conclusion Despite having no emission targets under the kyoto protocol India will benefit from the emission reduction compulsion of developed nations. The effect is because of trade and investment linkage with the Developed nations. India has immensely benefited from this due to a surge in its exports and increase in the FDI. The cumulative effect of these two factors has been positive on the GDP of india, which rose steeply from 2005 onwards. India played and major role in the extension of the kyoto after Jan 1 2013, before the new commitment period comes in to effect from 2020. Although the new extended kyoto does not impose any binding emission reduction targets on india, it has decided to reduce the emission intensity by 20 to 25% of the 2005 level within the year 2020.

The Ramifications of Prejudice and Discrimination Essay example -- une

Introduction Classifying oneself to be the object of prejudice or discrimination has demonstrable, negative impact upon the individual (Dion, 2002). Prejudice is a mixture of preconceived beliefs and negative attitudes towards a certain group of people. Whereas discrimination involves physical action and unequal treatment towards a particular group. Research indicates prejudice and discrimination are more or less interchangeably, with altered referents and slightly different meanings (Zastrow, 2007). Minorities have been the victims of prejudice and discrimination for many years (Dion, 2002). Certain minorities such as African American’s have been targeted and treated unfairly (Zastrow, 2007). For example, a Caucasian person can go into a store to shop without being followed or harassed however, an African American may not have the same experience. Throughout America in some instances Hernstein and Murray asserts that Caucasians are more intelligent, because IQ test demonstrate Caucasians average scores of 10 to 15 points higher than African Americans. Research revealed that those IQ test were racially imbalanced (Zastrow, 2007). American culture has been ambivalent, viewing race and ethnicity both as sources of pride, meaning, and motivation as well as sources of prejudice, discrimination, and inequality. Prejudice is a combination of stereotyped beliefs and negative attitudes (Markus, 2008). Perceived prejudice and discrimination, under some circumstances, may help buffer or protect aspects of the self-concept for members of certain minority or subordinate groups, in some instances (Dion, 2002). These terms stem from ethnocentrism, which according to Zastrow, (2007) is defined as a set of beliefs that holds one’s own cul... ...tive taking ability: Developmental, theoretical, and empirical trends. In S. M. Quintana & C. McKown (Eds.), Handbook of Race, Racism, and the Developing Child. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Reeves, K. (2000). Racism And Projection Of The Shadow. Psychotherapy. 37, 1. Rosik, C.H., Smith, L.L, (2009). Perceptions of Religiously Based Discrimination Among Christian Students in Secular and Christian University Settings. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. American Psychological Association. 4, 207–217 1941-1022/09 doi: 10.1037/a0017076. Schriver, J.M. (2011). Human Behavior and Social Environment: Shifting Paradigms essential knowledge for social work practice (5th Edition). Needham Heights, MA: Peason A & Bacon. Zastrow, C. H., & Krist-Ashman, K.K. (2007). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (7th Edition.) Belmont, CA: Thompson-Brooks/Cole.

Winston Churchill :: essays research papers

Winston S. Churchill, M.P. FIFTY years ago, the Second World War was approaching its crescendo. A million British and Commonwealth and a million American troops were preparing to hurl themselves across the English Channel to storm Hitler's Atlantic Wall and embark upon the noble task of liberating Europe from the scourge of the swastika. I am therefore especially delighted to be asked to address you on the role of my grandfather as a War Leader. Everyone has his or her favorite Churchill story, some true, others apocryphal. One of my favorites goes back to the days before we had free telephones in the House of Commons, when a rather desperate Lloyd George sticks his head out of a phone-booth and, seeing the portly figure of my grandfather approaching, calls to him: "Be a good fellow, Winston, and lend me sixpence so that I can call a friend." My grandfather, making a great demonstration of digging deep into his pocket to produce a coin, and with a mischievous grin on his face replies: "Here is a shilling - now you can call all your friends!" It is something of a paradox, but true nonetheless, that had it not been for Hitler and the Labour Party, Churchill would never have become Prime Minister of Great Britain. Despite a political career that had already spanned forty years, and his evident availability, the Conservative Party had shown no inclination to invite him to be their leader. Only in the hour of maximum peril -indeed on the very day, 10 May 1940, that Hitler launched his Blitzkrieg against France, Belgium and the Low Countries - did the British nation turn, almost too late, to Churchill. This was a decision that owed much to the refusal of the leadership of the Labour Party to serve in a Coalition Government under Chamberlain, and the unwillingness of Halifax, who was the preferred successor by both the Conservative Party and King George VI, to serve as Premier. As Churchill himself pointed out, he was, at the moment he became Prime Minister, already sixty-five years of age and qualified to draw the Old Age Pens ion. FEW politicians have come to power so well qualified to lead their nation in war. His first career had been as a soldier. He had received his baptism of fire on his twenty-first birthday in 1895, while acting as an observer o the Cuban Revolutionary War against Spain. A bullet, which missed him by inches while he munched on a chicken leg, prompted him to exclaim, "There is nothing so exhilarating as to be shot at without result!".

How Are the Themes of Loneliness and Isolation Explored in “of Mice and Men”? Essay

How are the themes of loneliness and isolation explored in â€Å"Of Mice and Men†? Born in 1902, John Steinbeck, author of ‘Of Mice and Men’, set his book in the 1930’s. The novel revolves around two hard-working men dependant on one another during the Great Depression, a time when most were alone. Many themes are explored in the novel such as racism, loneliness, disability, isolation and friendship. This essay will be talking about how the themes of loneliness and isolation are explored in ‘Of Mice and Men’. Gender is one way in which Steinbeck illustrates loneliness and isolation. The character of Curley’s wife is used to portray this. Throughout the book Curley’s wife is never referred to her name which is unknown. This suggests that she is a possession belonging to Curley. By not having her name mentioned; Curley’s wife remains distant even though she tells Lennie her life story as without a name she remains mysterious. Her marriage to Curley causes for her to be rejected by the ranch workers when she seeks out their attention and friendship. Therefore she is not only lonely but also isolated as there are only men on the ranch who turn away from her. Critics may argue that Steinbeck was too harsh in not giving a name to Curley’s wife but in my opinion John Steinbeck was only portraying the reality of that particular time period. Steinbeck also uses age to explore the themes of loneliness and isolation. Candy, an old ranch worker, is used to display these themes. As the oldest man on the ranch Candy is the most insecure of the men as he knows that if he was to be fired from his job he would have no other place to go to, what with having no family or friends. This knowledge isolates him from the others as there’s no one whom he can relate to this about. Critics may say that John Steinbeck is stereotyping old people as useless. Another way in which the two themes are explored is through racism. For this John Steinbeck uses Crooks. As a stable buck and a black person, Crooks is isolated from the other characters. He has his own room which may be fortunate but only further alienates him from the other workers. Crooks shows that he is lonely while talking to Lennie, he says, â€Å"I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an’ he gets sick. † He talks of how he wakes up in the night and sees something but doesn’t know if he was just dreaming, if had a friend he would have asked him. Because of his race Crooks has many disadvantages one of them being that he is not allowed to enter the bunkhouse. Another being that he is abused by the other workers. Crooks is not given a chance to befriend anyone and is therefore both physically and mentally isolated. Lennie shows how disability can lead to loneliness and isolation. His child-like mentality distances him from the other workers. Though he talks to and is talked to by other characters he is isolated in his mind because there is still a separation. His disability causes the other characters on the ranch to treat him as inferior. Lennie was told both Crooks’ and Curley’s wife’s life story but it doesn’t mention in the book whether or not he was really listening when the two confided in him. This makes you doubt whether or not Lennie is actually as he is described. Critics may say that Lennie’s character was too unrealistic and overdrawn. Euthanasia is used to explore the themes of loneliness and isolation. Again Lennie is used to display this along with Candy’s dog. Both of them were in a similar situation where their death was what was best for them. Throughout the book Lennie is described as animalistic which further connects him to Candy’s dog. Lennie was killed by someone who cared about him, George, while Candy had wished to have been the one who had killed his dog. Without his dog Candy was left as lonely because though he still had the others, his dog was the one who was always by his side. It shows that Lennie was truly lonely because when he died though George was shaken he had Slim as a friend to replace Lennie. John Steinbeck uses dreams to show loneliness and isolation. George’s character is used to show this. Although most of the ranch workers like George, he is mentally isolated. This is because of his dream which distances him from the other characters. His dream acts as a burden because in the end he knows that it will never come true. His awareness causes for him to be isolated, lonely and unreachable. Financial status also displays loneliness and isolation. For this the character of Curley is used. Curley can be viewed as the villain in the novel because of the abusive way he treats the other workers. He uses his small size as an advantage. The main difference though between him and the workers is money. Curley is married and yet because he is the boss’s son he doesn’t have to work like the others characters do. He uses the fact that he has authority and dominates the ranch workers. But being the boss’ son only further alienates him from the other characters and causes him to be lonely. Curley’s wife would constantly flirt with the other ranch-hands. This made him a subject of ridicule and further isolated him. Another way in which John Steinbeck uses to explore the themes of loneliness and isolation is through marriage. Curley and his wife are used to depict this. Both of them are stuck in a loveless marriage. Curley’s wife revealed to Lennie that she didn’t like Curley. Ways that you can tell Curley doesn’t love his wife is like the fact that he went to a cat house with the other men. In addition, when his wife was killed he set out to punish Lennie instead of mourning her; this shows that he was more interested in getting back at Lennie for personal reasons instead of losing his wife. Curley and his wife are therefore viewed as lonely. Their title as a married couple also isolates them from others on the ranch as there are expectations of how they should act and who they should talk to. Friendship is used by John Steinbeck to display loneliness and isolation. There are many forms of friendship in â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, the main one being George and Lennie’s friendship. The two of them are dependent on one another for different reasons. Lennie needs George to help him because of his mental disability. While George needs Lennie for company. Critics may argue that Steinbeck showed their friendship as abusive and forced. Another friendship brought together by loneliness is Curley’s wife and Lennie. This shows that they were all lonely as they settled for each other purely because they wanted companionship and someone to talk to. John Steinbeck also used other features to display loneliness and isolation. The novel began with a lonely atmosphere as he described the setting. This indicated that there was no-one around to describe or mention which gave you the feeling of isolation. Also the name of the city, Soledad, means solitude and loneliness in Spanish. In conclusion, John Steinbeck explored the themes of loneliness and isolation in many ways, using other themes and features. Although Steinbeck doesn’t allow you to clearly see his characters so you are unable to discern whether they are really lonely and isolated or if they are just portrayed and viewed as lonely and isolated.

Civil Rights Movement Essay

The civil rights movement in the United States was a political, legal, and social struggle that was organized primarily by black Americans with some help from white America. The civil rights struggle was aimed at gaining full citizenship and racial equality for all Americans, particularly the most discriminated group, African Americans, and was first and foremost a challenge to segregation. Segregation was deeply embedded in the South and was used to control blacks since the reconstruction of the South following the American Civil War. During the civil rights movement, individuals and organizations challenged segregation and discrimination by using a number of methods that included protests, marches, boycotts, and refusing segregation laws. Most historians agree that the civil rights movement began with either the Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 or the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965; however, there is a lot of debate on when it began a nd ended. There were civil rights issues well into the 1980s. The main tool of discrimination against blacks in the United States was segregation, often called the Jim Crow system. Segregation became common in the South after the Reconstruction when the Democratic Party had gained control of the South and started to reverse black advances made during reconstruction. Jim Crow laws emerged and effectively segregated every aspect of life for blacks in the South. This segregation included, but was not limited to, separate schools, transportation, restaurants, and parks, many of which were inferior to white establishments. In theory, the black and white establishments were to be equal. The denial of voting rights, known as disfranchisement, is how the South controlled segregation. Between 1890 and 1910 virtually all the Southern states passed laws imposing requirements for voting that kept the black voter out. Some of these requirements included, the ability to read and write, property ownership, and paying poll taxes; all these tactics were in direct violation of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Blacks were virtually powerless, because they could not vote there was nothing they could do to prevent the segregation of the South. Conditions in the North were slightly better, blacks could vote but there were so few blacks in the North before World War II that their votes barely counted, furthermore, even though segregated facilities in the North did not exist legally, most blacks were denied access to the more affluent facilities. There were civil rights movements prior to the 1960s. The National Afro-American League was formed in 1890 followed by the Niagara Movement in 1905, and then the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909, the NAACP was to have a great impact on the civil rights movement of the 1960s and still continues to exist today. The NAACP became one of the most important organizations that championed civil rights in the twentieth century and relied on a legal strategy that challenged segregation and discrimination against blacks by using the American legal system. There were many cases that the NAACP fought in court that set the precedence for the legal battles during the civil rights movement that would take place twenty to thirty years later. Although the legal battles fought by the NAACP in the 1920s and 1930s did little to change discrimination against blacks they did lay the foundation for a legal and social challenge to the system the South had built. After two world wars and a nationwide depression the civil rights movement that most Americans are familiar with began to emerge. The great depression which devastated the United States in the late 1920s caused a migration of black Americans from the South to other parts of the country, this migration exposed many of them to different views on segregation and discrimination, many of these blacks from the South became the civil rights activist of the 1960s. World War II also caused migrations of large number of blacks within the United States as many blacks found themselves moving up the social ladder as they took over war essential factory jobs. On the other hand, the return of black soldiers that had a new outlook on social and racial equality in the United States most likely was one of the biggest factors that caused the civil rights movements of the 1960s. Not just black Americans were affected by these events; there were many white Americans, even in the South that felt a change was needed. One such white southerner, Harold Fleming wrote: It wasn’t that I came to love Negroes; it was that I came to despise the system that did this. I mean, the nearest thing you could be in the army to being black was to be a company officer with black troops, because you lived and operated under the same circumstances they did, and they got crapped all over . . . You were sort of a second-class officer or a second-class white because of your assignment. Fleming was a conventional white southerner born in Atlanta, Georgia, after he became involved in civil rights issues and according to Fleming, many of his white southern contemporaries would say, â€Å"You ought to know better, being a native-born Georgia white.† With all these factors in place, the civil rights movement in America emerged around the mid 1950s. On 17 May 1954, after hearing arguments on five cases that challenged elementary and secondary school segregation, the United States Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that stated racially segregated education was unconstitutional. Although this was an historic ruling that essentially voided the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling of 1896 that established the separate but equal doctrine which was so prevalent in the South. The fundamental problem with the Brown v. Education was that the U.S. Supreme Court did not have a plan to enforce this ruling. The ruling stated that the school cases were class actions and that left the states with the enforcement of this ruling, the court wrote, â€Å"because of the wide applicability of this decision, and because of the great variety of local conditions, the formulation of decrees in these cases presents problems of considerable complexity.† At first white Southerners received this ruling with shock, however, by 1955 white opposition had grown into a massive resistance with organizations like the White Citizens Council; this council called for the economic coercion of blacks and whites who favored integrated schools. Schools in the South remained desegregated; this desegregation became a national issue when the governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus openly defied a federal court order to admit nine black students to a Little Rock high school on 2 September 1957. The media dramatized the seriousness of desegregation by showing the nation pictures of an American high school being patrolled by federal troops so that black students could be protected from angry white mobs. The civil rights movement quickly moved beyond school desegregation to challenge other unjust institutions in the South. It was Rosa Parks, a member of the Montgomery, Alabama NAACP, who refused to give up her seat to a white person on 1 December 1955; the Montgomery bus boycott that brought the city of Montgomery, Alabama to its knees had begun. Parks was arrested and the black community leaders rallied local blacks to protest segregated buses; this local protest evolved into a national boycott that involved support of over 50,000 blacks and lasted over a year and showed the American public the determination of the blacks to end segregation. During the Montgomery bus boycott the most influential civil rights leader emerged; Martin Luther King, Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) became, undeniably, the most important figure throughout the civil rights movement. It was King who seemed to have a master plan for the boycott, he emphasized keeping the struggle within the law and advocated nonviolence to achieve the goals of the civil rights movement. During the Montgomery bus boycott, King stated: We are not asking for an end to segregation, that’s a matter for the legislature and the courts. We feel that we have a plan within the law. All we are seeking is justice and fair treatment . . . We don’t like the idea of Negroes having to stand when there are vacant seats. We are demanding justice on that point. King’s and other black leaders along with the protestors of the Montgomery bus boycott hard work eventually paid off, in November 1956, a federal court ordered that Montgomery’s buses desegregate. The Montgomery bus boycott was one of the milestones of the civil rights movement because it established a national civil rights movement that recognized King as the leader and showed that nonviolent protest would work. Four black college students from North Carolina A & T University sat at a white only lunch counter on 1 February 1960 in Greensboro, North Carolina to protest racial segregation; within weeks, these student â€Å"sit-ins† had spread across the South to many cities as a form of protest. In April 1960, The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded to help organize and direct the student â€Å"sit-in† movement; SNCC would eventually move into other areas of the civil rights movement. Because SNCC focused on making changes at the local level rather than the national level, many of the accomplishments of this organization did not become nationally known. The â€Å"sit-ins† did make the national news media and it was the New York Times that brought it to a national level. The New York Times published an article that interviewed the store superintendent and the students, the article also told of how white teenagers and Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members tried to bar the way on the fifth day of the Greensboro â€Å"sit-in.† It was the well spoken black student Ezall Blair who told the newspaper on the second day that the students had been â€Å"complacent and fearful† the previous day and that they decided that morning that is was time for black students to â€Å"wake up and change the situation.† By November 1960, one hundred and fifty-five communities across the South had television crews that were filming the demonstrations and the injustice that the students faced, white America, through the use of the mass media was seeing the same scenes over and over and for the first time witnessed segregation in the South; the scenes shown were of students patiently waiting to get served, angry white hecklers, and carloads of students being taken to jail by police. White students joined in, and in the North, many students boycotted the larger stores in the North that had lunch counters in the South, such as Woolworths. The culmination of the â€Å"sit-ins† occurred in Nashville, Tennessee, when, surprisingly, an unlikely ally emerged for the â€Å"sit-ins.† The mayor of Nashville, Ben West, announced that lunch counters in Nashville would not be segregated. When asked why he made that decision, West replied, â€Å"I could not agree that it was morally right for someone to sell them merchandise and refuse them service . . . It was a moral question that a man has to answer, and not a politician.† The â€Å"sit-ins† clearly demonstrated to America that young blacks and whites were determined to reject segregation openly and together. After the â€Å"sit-ins† many of the SNCC members began to participate in freedom rides that started in the summer of 1961, these â€Å"Freedom Riders,† both black and white, traveled the south in buses to test a 1960 Supreme Court decision that stated segregation was illegal in bus stations that were open to interstate travel. These freedom rides were organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and started in Washington, D.C., as the buses moved south more violence was directed towards them. This violence peaked when in Birmingham and Montgomery, Alabama, buses were burned and the riders beaten. As a result of the freedom rides, the Attorney General’s Office realized that the Supreme Court decision in the Boynton v. Virginia was not enough to end discrimination on the Interstates and bus stations. In November 1963, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the administration of President John Kennedy intervened and regulations were issued. By 1963, the Attorney General was able to say, â€Å"Systematic segregation of Negroes in interstate transportation has disappeared.† While the freedom rides and â€Å"sit-ins† were happening, SCLC leaders, under the guidance of King, were planning a series of protest campaigns that would happen throughout Southern cities, these campaigns were to be highly publicized and were to break the barriers of age, social status, and race. The demonstrations were to be against racial injustice and required the mobilization of thousands of peaceful demonstrators, both black and white, who were willing to participate in protest marches as long as necessary and who were also willing to be arrested and go to jail to achieve their goals. The first direct action protest took place in the spring of 1961 at Albany, Georgia. The presence of King and other SCLC leaders escalated the Albany protests by bringing national attention to Albany, however, after months of protests the police continued to jail protestors without a show of police violence and the protests ended in failure. The protests continued across the South with see mingly little success. In the spring of 1963, SCLC’s direct action protests finally saw success; sadly, this success was at the expense of many protesters of whom some were elementary age school children. After mass demonstrations had been conducted for several days in Birmingham, Alabama, SCLC begin to send children in to the protests, some of them as young as six. The Birmingham police chief, Eugene Connor, jailed thousands of them and provoked the outrage of parents and caused the media to give undivided attention to the Birmingham protest, this is what King needed to be successful. The next day more children marched and Connor reacted with violence; photographs of high pressure fire hoses and police dog attacks released on peaceful demonstrators appeared on national and international media, producing an international outcry. Eventually some protestors began to fight back and the state police were called in, King called for a twenty-four hour truce. The next day, On 9 May 1963, King announce an agreement with some white business leaders of Birmingham; they agreed to the desegregation of some public facilities within ninety days, progress in hiring and promotion, the release of arrested protestors, and a biracial committee. Birmingham mayor, Art Hanes called the white negotiators â€Å"a bunch of quisling, gutless traitors,† King stated that the settlement was â€Å"the most significant victory for justice we’ve ever seen in the Deep South.† The civil rights movement direct action marches, for the most part, ended with the march on Washington D.C. In August 1963, over 200,000 civil rights supporters conducted a peaceful march in Washington, D.C.; it was at this demonstration that King gave his famous â€Å"I Have a Dream Speech.† Because of this march, President Kennedy proposed a new civil rights law; after Kennedy was assassinated, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through Congress as a tribute to Kennedy. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), SNCC, SCLC, CORE, and NAACP all joined forces in 1964 to work towards establishing voter’s rights for blacks, particularly in the South. Voting rights issues have always been an objective of the civil rights movement, in fact, after the â€Å"sit-ins† and freedom rides, SNCC focused most of their attention on establishing voter’s rights and educating blacks on how to vote. It was most likely the combination of a series of deaths of civil rights workers in the South, and the MFDPs arrival at the Democratic National Convention of 1964 that caused all the different civil rights organizations to work together towards voting rights; It may also have been that simply voter’s rights was the last major obstacle to overcome. It was on 22 August 1964, during the Democratic National Convention, that MFDP member Fannie Lou Hamer, who was from a Mississippi sharecropper family, addressed the nation on national television. Hamer’s sincere and articulate speech made supporters for black voting rights all over the nation. President Johnson, who did not support the MFDP, tried to detract attention from Hamer by conducted a last minute press conference on national television as Hamer was giving her testimony; his ploy did not work. President Johnson recognized the support Hamer was getting and was willing to compromise and recognized the predominately black MFDP. It was the Selma, Alabama march on 7 March 1965 that was the final event to cause the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to happen. SCLC employed direct action techniques in a voting rights protest initiated by SNCC in Selma, when these protest were unsuccessful the protesters began a march to Montgomery, Alabama. As the marchers were leaving Selma, mounted police used tear gas and batons to beat down marchers and others who were not part of the march, this became known as â€Å"Bloody Sunday.† Because the march was televised, the violence shocked many Americans and caused a much-needed national support for a law to protect the Southern blacks’ right to vote. On 15 March 1965, President Johnson announced that he would send a voting rights bill to Congress. In a televised address to a joint session, Johnson spoke on racial injustices and stated, â€Å"Their cause must be our cause, too. Because it’s not just Negroes, but really it’s all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigo! try and injustice,† then he shocked the nation by saying, â€Å"And we shall overcome.† Two days later a voting rights bill went to Congress. On 6 August 1965, President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the civil rights movement, according to most historians, ended. Bibliography: Albert, Peter J. and Hoffman, Ronald, eds., We Shall Overcome: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Black Freedom Struggle. New York: Pantheon Books, 1990.